Crop border and mineral oil sprays used in combination as physical control methods of the aphid‐transmitted potato virus Y in potato

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this work were to determine if the control of potato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) in seed potato could be improved by combining border crops and mineral oil sprays, and if the border crop acts as a barrier or a virus sink. RESULTS: Field tests over 3 years confirmed that mineral oils alone are an effective barrier to PVY, and showed that borders alone act as a PVY sink. Combining the familiar mineral oil and the more recent crop border methods was almost twice as effective in reducing PVY incidence as either one used alone. The combination provided consistently high PVY control compared with the variable and often lower level of control by either method alone. The contribution of the oil to PVY reduction was similar whether it was applied to the border, the center seed plot, or both. Oil application to the border alone should not affect efficacy and would help keep control costs down. CONCLUSION: Combining border and oil provided the best reduction in PVY incidence 3 years out of 3, providing producers with a tool to reduce year‐to‐year variation in the effectiveness of crop borders or oil sprays used separately. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

Reproductive success of rose‐ringed parakeets Psittacula krameri in a captive UK population

BACKGROUND: Rose‐ringed parakeets Psittacula krameri (Scop.) have recently become established in several European countries, with potential for significant negative economic and ecological impacts. However, in northern Europe the potential for reproductive output is largely unknown. In 2005 the authors established a captive outdoor colony in north‐east England and examined breeding success over 2 years. RESULTS: In 2006 (19 pairs, 15 clutches) the average first clutch size was 3.6 (±0.3) eggs. Six clutches were infertile, and overall the colony produced 1.4 (±0.5) fertile eggs per pair. Eleven pairs produced a second clutch following removal of the first; seven were infertile, and overall productivity was 0.7 (±0.4) fertile eggs per pair. Unsuccessful pairs were rearranged or replaced. In 2007, overall productivity was 2.5 (±0.4) and 1.8 (±0.4) fertile eggs per pair for the first and second attempts respectively. For pairs that remained unchanged through 2006–2007, productivity was consistent between years and breeding attempts. CONCLUSION: Where food and nest sites were not limiting, clutch sizes in north‐east England were similar to those in the native range, and consistent between first and second attempts. This has implications for the future expansion and management of the species. © Crown Copyright 2009. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同作物秸秆还土对玉米及土壤肥力的影响

为了研究不同作物秸秆培肥地力的作用,进而提高旱地地力水平,对不同作物秸秆还土对玉米及土壤肥力的影响进行了试验.结果表明,不同作物秸秆还土后具有一定的增产作用,其中,玉米秸秆和烤烟秸秆还土的增产效果最显著,比CK增产24.82%～25.69%,其次是油菜秸秆和马铃薯秸秆的还土处理,比CK增产18.40%～19.44%,小麦秸秆比CK增产8.33%.不同秸秆还土能不同程度增加土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮,保持速效磷、速效钾的平衡,其中,烤烟秸秆增加速效钾量能力强;玉米秸秆对提高土壤有机质、增加氮素作用较强;油菜秸秆由于腐熟快,增加氮素能力最强;马铃薯秸秆和小麦秸秆相对其他秸秆培肥地力能力稍差.秸秆还土可以改善玉米的生育性状,从而促进玉米增产.     

微波/超声波及固定化酶技术在食品蛋白质高效水解中的应用研究进展

近年来,微波/超声波物理辅助技术和固定化酶技术在蛋白质高效水解制备多肽中得到越来越多的应用。综述了微波/超声波辅助酶解技术及新型固定化酶技术的原理、优点及其在食品蛋白质水解中的应用。同时展望了这两种技术在油料作物蛋白质高效/连续化酶解生产活性多肽工业中的应用前景。     

南京市种子市场种子质量分析与控制对策探讨

通过抽样检验,分析了2002-2007年度南京市种子市场农作物种子质量概况.结果表明,大田作物种子净度、发芽率和水分含量等3个质量指标的变异程度均小于蔬菜作物种子各质量指标的变异程度,其合格率明显高于蔬菜作物种子各指标的合格率,因此大田作物种子质量相对较好;不同大田作物种子质量有明显的差异,以小麦和油菜的种子质量较好,籼稻、梗稻、玉米和棉花种子质量略差;不同蔬菜作物种子质量差异较大,其中以萝卜、生菜、四季豆和大白菜种子质量较好.发芽合格率和水分合格率对种子质量影响较大,水分合格率与种子质量合格率呈现极显著的正相关关系,因此,在种子生产及加工过程中严格控制水分含量是提高种子质量的重要对策.     

土地利用方式和栽培措施对农田土壤不同组分有机碳的影响

以河北曲周县原状草地土壤和农田土壤为研究对象,分析了土地利用方式、秸秆还田、耕作方式和施肥水平对土壤有机碳特性的影响.研究表明,华北原状草地改变为农田后(34年),土壤砂粒、颗粒有机碳的含量和总有机碳的比例、轻组土壤和轻组土壤有机碳都显著降低,且以秸秆还旧影响最大.经过8年的耕作,施加底肥、免耕和秸秆整株还田等农艺措施,明显提高了土壤颗粒有机碳含量.秸秆还田使得0～20 cm土壤颗粒有机碳含量明显增加,且整株还田比粉碎还田更能增加10～20 cm土壤颗粒的有机碳含量,而免耕对土壤颗粒有机碳的增加主要表现在0～10 cm.土壤非保护性有机碳的比例也会显著降低,且非保护性有机碳主要分布在0～5 cm土层.     

地膜覆盖棉花、玉米、大豆地的降温效应研究

以‘鄂棉15号’、‘西玉3号’和‘鄂豆4号’为材料,对覆膜与不覆膜2种种植方式进行了对比。通过2005～2007年3年的试验,结果表明,地膜覆盖在生育前期能提高土壤温度和保持土壤湿度,在旺盛生育期有降温效应,因而能显著提高作物产量。为进一步推广地膜覆盖栽培作物提供了农业气象依据。     

《作物施肥原理与技术》课程教学改革浅议

为了培养新世纪农业专业技术人才,适应时代发展需要,在《作物施肥原理与技术》课程教学过程中体会到的当前该课程教学中存在的一些弊端的基础上,分析了对该课程进行教学改革存在的紧迫性和重要性,并对该课程从教学内容、教学方法和教学手段等方面改革提出了一些具体建议。     

Productivity and water use of alfalfa and subsequent crops in the semiarid Loess Plateau with different stand ages of alfalfa and crop sequences

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plays an important role in crop–livestock mixed farming on marginal land in the semiarid Loess Plateau. However, the duration, yield performance and water use of long-term alfalfa stands and choice of appropriate subsequent crops are not clear. A 5-year field experiment was conducted at Zhonglianchuan, Gansu Province, China from 2001 to 2005. Productivity and water use were determined and compared between (1) three alfalfa stands that were 1–5 (A1–5), 6–10 (A6–10) and 11–15 (A11–15) years old during the trial; (2) alfalfa using conventional cultivation and a water-harvesting technique (RA1–5); and (3) conventional crop rotation (CK) and four 5-year crop sequence rotations sown after 10-year-old alfalfa had been ploughed, being millet–wheat–potato–pea–potato (MWLPL); millet–corn–corn–wheat–wheat (MCCWW); millet–potato–wheat–corn–corn (MLWCC) and millet–fallow–pea–potato–pea (MFPLP). Forage yield peaked in 7-year-old alfalfa (5740 kg ha⁻¹), but 9-year-old alfalfa had the maximum forage yield profit (4477 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) in terms of whole growing years. Soil water use efficiency (WUE_S in terms of forage yield and soil water use) of alfalfa increased dramatically up to the 11th year, and then leveled off from year 12 to 15. Forage yield and WUE_B/ET (WUE in terms of aboveground biomass and evapotranspiration) of alfalfa were significantly higher using water harvesting compared with conventional cultivation, but were significantly lower than CK. Soil water content did not change in CK as stand age increased, but it decreased in conventional alfalfa stands. After 10 years of alfalfa, a fallow year was not necessary before planting annual crops as soil water was greatly restored after sowing subsequent annual crops. Yield of some crops in the four crop sequence rotations did not differ significantly from CK. MWLPL and MLWCC had more aboveground biomass than MCCWW and MFPLP but the choice of crop sequence needs to be further considered.     

早稻与秋玉米免耕轮作稻草覆盖栽培技术模式探讨

为提高土地的产出率,增加农民收入,2007～2008年在田林县进行了早稻免耕抛秧与秋玉米免耕（即“双免”）轮作稻草覆盖栽培模式技术试验示范。结果表明,该模式每667m^2年产量达946．23kg,其中早稻667m^2产589．76kg,秋玉米667m^2产356．47kg,每667m^2年产值1635元,每年每667m^2增加收入500元以上。本文分别对早稻免耕抛秧和秋玉米免耕栽培的技术要点进行系统的介绍。